Herbert Eugene Carroll: Seeker of Gold

Herbert Carroll has always been a bit of a mystery for me. I knew he was one of the 2 children of George B. Carroll and Susan Johnson. And I did have a picture of him in an old Carroll Family Album that was labeled "Bert Carroll" and was opposite a picture of his brother George Eden Carroll. When I asked my mother about Herbert, she basically said that Herbert went looking for gold, but never mentioned a specific location. 

In the fall of 2014, I started looking for census data for Herbert and also found some very helpful records on the Iowa GenWeb page for Page County. Together, the light bulb went off and the story began to fall into place! I did find a Herbert Carroll in the Iowa Hospital for the Insane in Page County, Iowa, in 1900. But I also know that Carroll is a very common name so that did not seem conclusive. But when I googled the hospital, I realized it was located in Clarinda. And I knew from the History of Waitsfield, that Herbert resided in Clarinda. 

PICTURE OF BERT CARROLL

PICTURE OF GEORGE CARROLL JR.

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Early Life in Waitsfield, Vermont

      Herbert Eugene Carroll was the son of George B. Carroll and Susan Johnson. Herbert was born October 12, 1855, in Waitsfield, Vermont. His only sibling was George Eden Carroll, who was born 5 years earlier, on October 7, 1850, in Waitsfield. There are no records of any other children for George and Susan. In the 1900 census, Susan states that she only had 2 children. 
      At the time of the 1860 census, Herbert was 4 years old and living with his parents and brother in Waitsfield. Also resident in the household were his grandmother Polly Carroll, his uncle Pliny Carroll and Susan Poland, future wife of Pliny. His father worked as a farmer.
      In 1870, Herbert was living with his parents and brother in Waitsfield. Both Herbert and his brother were attending school. There was also an 18-year old woman, Nancy Baird, living in the household and attending school. She is identified as a domestic servant, but the significance is not clear. 
      There is very little other information about Herbert in Waitsfield. For his brother George, we found information about his attendance at Vermont Conference Seminary and Female College in 1870. We also found an article on awards that he won in the Mad River Valley fair in the fall of 1873. For Herbert, however, the only other record that I have found is a mention of him as a witness to a July 2, 1877, land transaction in Waitsfield, in which his parents bought land from his aunt, Rhoda Green. George B. Carroll, and his son George E. Carroll, signed a note payable to Rhoda.  

PICTURE OF GEORGE AND SUSAN CARROLL 

Seeking Gold in the Black Hills 

      It is not clear to me when Herbert went to the Dakota Territory, but it appears to be sometime between December 1878 and December 1879. According to the doctor who examined him in October, 1880, "his place of residence... was Dakota Territory, since the winter of 1878 and 9... This man has been up at the Blackhills and Ft. Piere since last December." Black Hills could either be a reference to Rockerville or Rapid City. Fort Pierre, however, is some distance away. It was a major transportation hub for the territory during the Black Hills Gold Rush, so Herbert might have been in Fort Pierre briefly before moving to the Black Hills area.    
      Herbert Carroll appeared on the 1880 census (16 June 1880) in Rockerville, Pennington County, Dakota Territory. He was listed as 22 years of age and single. He and his father were born in Vermont and his mother was born in Canada. At the time, Herbert was working in a livery stable. Based on the dwelling/family information, it appears that Herbert was living alone, possibly in a simple miner's shack. There are, however, several families in the area that have taken in boarders. There is a Levi Baker nearby who keeps a livery stable. Many of his neighbors worked as placer miners or quarry miners. Placer mining involved mining a stream bed for minerals.  
      Based on general reading, gold was discovered in Rockerville in 1876. By 1880, Rockerville was booming and had a population of about a thousand people. It was originally a mining camp and was named for the 'rockers' which were used to separate placer gold from stream gravel. Rapid City, about 13 miles from Rockerville, was founded in 1876 and the city sold supplies to miners and pioneers.   
    In about September, 1880, George Eden Carroll found his brother Herbert in Rapid City and brought him back to Iowa. Herbert was "almost without clothing when found at Rapid City, and considered by the people there insane". I have no idea what prompted George to go to Rapid City. Did he receive a letter from an acquaintance of Herbert or even from Herbert himself? Since George had a wife and small child in Danbury, Iowa, it does not appear likely that George just went up to visit.  
    

Ancestry; 1880 U. S. census; Dakota Territory, Pennington, Rockerville. 

Admission to Independence Mental Hospital

      It appears that George brought Herbert back to Danbury, Iowa, which is where George lived with his wife Emily and son Charles. Earlier in 1880, George had bought a store where he sold merchandise. According to the doctor that interviewed Herbert in 1880, Herbert "has for the past few days thought that he was in charge of his brothers store; kept out customers and refused to sell goods, thought he was a millionaire".
      On October 2, 1880, Dr. J. M. Knott examined Herbert E. Carroll and certified him as insane and a fit subject for custody and treatment in the Hospital for the Insane. Dr. J. M. Knott performed the certification for Woodbury County, Iowa. Since Dr. Knott practiced in Sioux City, the examination probably took place in Sioux City, although it is possible that it took place in Danbury. Herbert was listed as age 25, born in Vermont and single. His occupation was given as laborer. Two addresses were given for friends to whom reports and telegrams could be sent. The first was Herbert's father, George Carroll, in Waitsfield, Vermont. The second was his brother, G. E. Carroll, in Danbury, Iowa. The report stated that no relatives, including grandparents and cousins, were insane.   
      The doctor stated that this was Herbert's first attack and that the first symptoms were manifested one to two months ago. He did not know how the first symptoms were manifested or what was the cause of the disease. The disease was not increasing much and there were rational intervals. The derangement was not manifested on any particular subject, although the report noted that Herbert thought he was in charge of his brother's store. Herbert had never attempted suicide and was not disposed to injure others, although he did issue threats when annoyed. No restraint or confinement had been employed, although he had been watched. At times, he neglected himself. Herbert reported he sometimes became intoxicated. It was not known whether he had any predominant passions or 'religious impressions' prior to the onset of the disease. It was noted that he had formerly been 
industrious and earned a good living. 
      Herbert was admitted to Independence State Hospital on October 4, 1880, in Independence, Iowa, two days after his certification.   

Life at Iowa Hospital for the Insane at Clarinda

      Due to overcrowding at the first 2 mental hospitals in Iowa, a third hospital was built at Clarinda, Iowa, in 1888. Herbert was transferred to Clarinda State Hospital on December 13, 1888, and was the 57th patient at that facility. 
      The Clarinda State Hospital statistical record states that Herbert was a resident of the State of Iowa, not having established residency in any county. Likewise, he was supported by the state. Since his father died in 1886, the only correspondent given was his brother, G. E. Carroll, of Danbury. Herbert's physical description was given as 5' 6" in height, light complexion, blue eyes and brown hair. He was 33 years of age and was single with 0 children. He could read and write and his occupation was laborer. The diagnosis given was 'melancholia - chronic delusional'. 
      When I requested the medical records for Herbert, I was sent a combination of photocopies of original records, as well as typed transcriptions of notes. Where information was transcribed, there is no way of knowing what was left out. Notes are listed on forms with the titles 'Subsequent History' and 'Ward Notes'. Notations are fairly frequent between 1888 and 1913, but after that notes are very limited. I believe the later notes were just dropped when they were sent to me, because they became very repetitive in content. There did not appear to be any significant change in his mental status during his life at Clarinda State Hospital. 
      Herbert appears to have had very good physical health. He had a good appetite and rested  well at night. He was described as being 'in good flesh' and muscular. In 1896, he had a slight attack of cholera which caused considerable weight loss, but he seemed to recover readily.
      He spent most of his time working out of doors. At first, he worked with the gardener. Later, he assisted with milking. He is described as rather industrious and taking interest in his work. In one note, he was described as a "trusty and a good worker". However, in 1904 (age 49), he is described as needing to be directed in all that he did. 
      In general, he took reasonable care of his person and clothing and was typically described as orderly and well contented.
      According to the first note, dated March 1889, Herbert did not manifest an interest in reading or taking part in games. His conversations were described as rather rambling and incoherent. Although typically quiet, he occasionally conversed in an irregular manner. He was described as inoffensive in manner. In another note, however, it described him as chronically demented and talking considerably. Other times, he was described as 'mentally much enfeebled' and 'rather dull'. In 1900, "he answers questions quite intelligently, but usually sits about the ward talking to himself in an incoherent manner, when he is not at work in the dairy". By 1928 (age 73), he was careless in physical appearance and showed 'much mental deterioration'. 
      By at least 1902, he was in Ward A, which was an open ward. The notes stated that he got along nicely on an open ward and enjoyed some privileges not given to other patients. By 1907, he was in Southview Cottage, which was a large cottage for men, with a capacity of 104. The cottages appeared to be designed for inmates who were higher functioning. By at least 1930, he was at Willowdale Cottage. This cottage had a capacity of 40 patients and was built about three quarters of a mile from the main institution. It was evidently designed as a farm colony, similar to the 'Graycroft' plan at the Utica, New York, state hospital. 
      In all of the notes given to me, there was only one reference to a family member. The January 15, 1898, note states: "His sister informed the Superintendent the 'Christian Science' people were going to effect a cure in this case. No appreciable change has been noted in his condition." Since Herbert did not have a sister, I imagine this is a reference to his sister-in-law, Emily (Stackhouse) Carroll, who would have been living with her husband and family in Sioux City, Iowa.

2 PHOTOS OF EMILY STACKHOUSE CARROLL

Return of Physician and/or Statistical Record 

Inheritance from cousin Fred Carroll

      On July 17, 1922, E. H. Jones, administrator of the estate of Fred C. Carroll, sent a letter to the Superintendent of the State Hospital for the Insane at Clarinda. This is the earliest correspondence on this matter provided to me. The letter stated that Herbert Eugene Carroll was a legal heir to a portion of the estate of his cousin, the late Fred C. Carroll, of Waitsfield, Vermont. In order to give this money to Herbert, the Probate Court in Vermont required a guardian to be appointed for Herbert. The nearest relative known to Mr. Jones was a nephew residing in Boston, but the nephew declined to take any action in the matter. As a result, Mr. Jones was asking the superintendent to take the initial steps to get a guardian appointed. Evidently, the superintendent responded on July 22, agreeing to take the matter up with the proper officials. 
      On September 29, 1922, E. H. Jones sent a second letter to Superintendent Max E. Witte, requesting a certificate of guardianship. The amount due to Herbert was $277.08. Mr. Jones also sent a copy of this letter to G. E. Carroll at 4545 Lawrence Avenue in Chicago.
      On December 18, Mr. Jones sent a third letter to the Superintendent, requesting a legal guardian for Herbert. The Superintendent sent a response on an unknown date to Mr. E. H. Jones acknowledging the letter of December 18th. He stated that he had tried unsuccessfully to reach the named correspondents for Herbert Carroll. A letter had been sent to G. E. Carroll at 4545 St. Lawrence Avenue, Chicago, but was returned unclaimed. A letter had been sent to Mrs. Libbie L. Deck at 3615 Cottage Grove Avenue, Chicago, but was never answered, even though it was not returned. The superintendent stated that he had served as legal guardian in similar cases and was under bonds for state property as well as funds of patients entrusted to his care. In summary, the superintendent said he would be glad to receive the money and place it to the credit of Herbert. 
      On October 2, 1929, Dr. R. D. Smith, the superintendent, sent a letter to E. H. Jones in answer to an inquiry. The letter stated that Herbert was still confined in the hospital, was holding his own fairly well, but was showing extensive senile changes. It stated that under present regulations, Herbert would be turned over to the State Board of Health in the event of his death, the remains to be used for scientific purposes, unless the cost of burial in the hospital cemetery, $20.50, was advanced by friends or relatives. 
      Since Herbert was buried in the hospital cemetery, I am assuming that the money from Fred Carroll's estate was probably sent to the Clarinda State Hospital! 
      I am struck by how isolated Herbert was from his family! His brother George moved from 4545 St. Lawrence Avenue to 6347 Kimbark Avenue, both in Chicago, sometime between 1915 and 1917 and yet he never bothered to provide his new address to the Clarinda State Hospital. When George died in 1917, his wife Emily lived with her single daughter Maude, first at 5417 Cottage Grove Avenue and later at 119 E. 44th Street, where Emily died on April 29, 1922. So at the time of the first correspondence from Mr. E. H. Jones, Herbert had no surviving siblings. He had 2 nephews, Charles Eden Carroll and Ira Munson Carroll and 1 niece, Maude Carroll. Mr. Jones only knew about Charles and Charles declined to take any action, even though Charles was a prominent Methodist pastor and a professor of social sciences. Ira Carroll was born 10 years after Herbert was first admitted to the Independence Hospital and later told his daughter that Herbert "went looking for gold and lost his senses". At this time, I do not know the identity of Libbie L. Deck, a named correspondent for Herbert Carroll. Since her address was within a mile or two of the Carroll residences in Chicago, I am guessing that she was a friend of Emily's. At this time, I am not able to place her as a relative, although I have wondered if she could be a niece of Emily's. I have tried to research her address of 3615 Cottage Grove Avenue, but am not even sure if that was a place of business or a residence.  
      On the other hand, it is comforting to know that his cousin Fred did remember him! When Fred died on May 30, 1920, he left behind a wife, but no children. Fred must have known that Herbert was at the Clarinda State Hospital because his residence in Clarinda is mentioned in the History of Waitsfield. Fred was also born in 1855, the same year Herbert was born. Fred was the son of Lawson P. Carroll, the brother of George B. Carroll. Based on maps that I have, the two families lived very close together. So Fred and Herbert were probably quite close as children!
         
Death and Burial

      The case notes of January 1, 1934, state that "patient is bedridden and in poor physical condition". Other notes stated that he was failing during his last 3 weeks of life after the onset of LaGrippe (flu). On February 20, he died at 5 A.M., of influenza. Senility was given as a secondary cause of death. The informant on his death certificate was Dr. R. D. Smith, the superintendent of Clarinda State Hospital. 
      He was buried in the Hospital Cemetery in Clarinda the same day that he died. There was no embalming. There was an entry on the Iowa GenWeb pages, created by Pat O'Dell.
            Carroll, Herbert, died Feb 20, 1934;Iowa State Hospital
According to Pat, the "tombstone" was a 8" X 24" cement marker that they wrote on with a nail or something similar. The stones are very difficult to read and get covered up with grass in the summertime. 

Visit to Clarinda
      On June 29, 2015, I visited what is now known as The Clarinda Treatment Complex, but which had been known as The Iowa State Hospital for the Insane or Clarinda State Hospital for the Insane. The mood was somewhat somber because the following day was the last day that the hospital was open. It was being closed due to financial considerations, although the ultimate status of the facility was still up in the air.
      When I arrived, I went to the administration area beneath the clock tower. Initially, I had the impression that the administration area was in a separate building, but as I walked around, I realized that there were numerous segments to the two wings that zig-zagged about. During the later tour, I learned that at the time the building was completed, it had more square feet than any other building in the United States until the Pentagon was built. It was built to house 1600 patients, although the maximum patient census was closer to 1525. The tour leader said that the zig-zag pattern assured that all rooms in the hospitals received natural light at some point during the day. 

4991 - Administrative area

https://www.google.com/maps/views/view/107311773149390628631/gphoto/5731354232375855874?gl=us (panoramic view of hospital)

https://www.google.com/maps/views/view/107311773149390628631/gphoto/5731354227776014370?gl=us (view from above)

      I visited the hospital cemetery with the assistance of the cemetery plat map provided by the Medical Records Administrator. Without the map, Herbert Carroll's tombstone would have been very difficult to find! His stone lay between 2 more substantial tombstones which did simplify the identification. Once we found the stone, though, we had to tear back the grass which was overgrowing the stone and whisk away the dirt and debris on the stone. The writing was then fairly easy to see: 'HERBERT E. CARROLL, 1934'. 

5023 - CEMETERY ENTRANCE

5033 - CONTEXT FOR STONE

STONE WITH INSCRIPTION

ME WITH THE ROSE

      At 1:00, I went on a tour of the hospital and museum. Since this was probably the last tour offered, there were about 8 people on the tour. The tour was of the east wing, which had not been occupied by mental patients for quite a while. However, it was currently occupied by participants in a drug and alcohol abuse program that resided in the facility. We saw numerous sample rooms, some designed for a single person, some designed for 3-5 people. Most of the rooms had a transom above the door and a small cut-out area at the bottom of the door that facilitated air circulation. In addition, the area at the bottom of the door enabled food trays to be slid into the rooms. In selected rooms, there was a small screened area in the door that enabled staff to view the patient in the room. That type of room typically had the light switch outside the room so staff would not have to enter darkened rooms. During early treatment times, there were typically bars on the windows, as well as chamber pots in the room. In addition to the sleeping rooms, there were bays for common gathering areas. In the museum, they had an example of 'strong clothing'. Most of the women's dresses had heavy fabric around the neckline that would have made it very difficult to tear the clothing. 

      After the tour, I visited several areas with which I believe Herbert was associated! Several people on the tour gave me directions to these places, plus I was provided with a map. The first building that I visited was Southview Cottage on the main campus. It was originally designed to house 104 patients, but was currently being used by the Clarinda Academy which provides services for at-risk youth. The second building that I visited was Willowdate Cottage. This was quite a bit more difficult to locate because it was 3/4 mile from the main hospital. It was designed to house 40 patients in a farming-type community. The building is currently privately owned and was in major need of repair. The third location that I visited was the L-shaped dairy barn. Based on subsequent reading, however, that barn was built in about 1917. Although Herbert may have worked at that barn, he probably also worked at an earlier barn.

      The hospital had originally been designed as a self-sufficient community. They grew and canned their own food, butchered their own meat, made their own clothes and shoes and even made their own mattresses. This provided the patients with opportunities for physical activity and a sense of accomplishment and community. It seems that Herbert had privileges and opportunities not granted to all patients. He seemed to enjoy his work in the dairy barn and garden! But I still wonder what life was really like for him. At a minimum, he seems to have been very isolated from family and became truly  'institutionalized' after 53 years of residence in 2 different state hospitals! He was a patient before lobotomies were part of the asylum scene and I can only hope that he avoided the worst abuses.       

In Memoriam

Personal Notes

Source Citations

1.  Matt Bushnell Jones, History of the Town of Waitsfield, Vermont 1782-1908, with family genealogies (Boston, Massachusetts: George E. Littlefield, 1909), Entry for George B. Carroll: p. 268.

2.  1860 U.S. census, Washington, Vermont, population schedule, Waitsfield, p. 151-152, dwelling 1258, family 1273, Household of Geo Carroll; digital images, Ancestry (www.ancestry.com : accessed 23 Nov 2014); citing National Archives and Records Administration microfilm M653, roll 1324.

3.  1870 U.S. census, Washington County, Vermont, population schedule, Waitsfield, p. 11, 271A (stamped), dwelling 89, family 95, Household of Geo. B. Carroll; digital images (www.Ancestry.com : accessed 23 Nov 2014); citing National Archives and Records Administration microfilm M593, roll 1626. 

4.  1880 U.S. census, Pennington County, Dakota Territory, population schedule, Rockerville, enumeration district (ED) 116, p. 128A, dwelling 137, family 137, Herbert Carroll; digital images, 2010 (www.Ancestry.com : accessed 22 Nov 2014); citing National Archives and Records Administration microfilm T9, roll 114.

5.  1900 U.S. census, Page County, Iowa, population schedule, Iowa Hospital for Insane, enumeration district (ED) 0159, sheet 7B, p. 183B (stamped), Herbert Carroll (line 79); digital images (www.Ancestry.com : accessed 21 Nov 2014); citing National Archives and Records Administration microfilm T623, roll 452.

6.  Waitsfield (town), Vermont, Deeds, Volume 7: p. 573, Lawson P. Carroll to George B. Carroll, 23 Oct 1855.

7.  Waitsfield (town), Vermont, Deeds, Volume 10: p. 257, G. B. Carroll and wife to Rhoda Green, 2 JUL 1877.

8.  Pat Combs O'Dell (coordinator), US GenWeb (http://iagenweb.org/page/ : accessed 22 Nov 2014), Inmates of State Hospital, Clarinda, 1895 census.

9.  Pat Combs O'Dell (coordinator), US GenWeb (http://iagenweb.org/page/ : accessed 22 Nov 2014), Burials (Carroll).

10.  Pat Combs O'Dell (coordinator), US GenWeb (http://iagenweb.org/page/ : accessed 22 Nov 2014), Cemetery notes (http://www.iagenweb.org/page/cemetery/composite/index.htm).

11.  Herbert Carroll Medical records, Patient #57, 1888-1934, Clarinda Mental Health Institute, Clarinda, Iowa; photocopies and transcriptions supplied 2014, to Dorothy Crooks. Repository: Clarinda Mental Health Institute, 1800 N. 16th Street, Clarinda, Iowa 51632.
    a. Return of Physician.
    b. Clarinda State Hospital, statistical record, CSH Form 99.
    c. Clarinda State Hospital, Subsequent History, CSH Form 32, 4 pages.   
    d. State Hospital - Clarinda, Form 104, Volume 1, #57, Herbert Carroll, 1 page.
    e. Letter dated July 17, 1922; E. H. Jones to Supt. State Hospital for the Insane.
    f. Letter dated Sept. 29, 1922; E. H. Jones to Max E. Witte, Supt. Clarinda, Iowa.
    g. Letter dated Dec. 18, 1922; E. H. Jones to Max E. Witte, Supt. Clarinda, Iowa.
    h. Letter dated October 2, 1929; Superintendent to Mr. E. H. Jones.
    i.  Iowa Standard Certificate of Death, Herbert (Eugene) Carroll.

12. Carroll Family Photograph album; original photos, privately held by Dorothy Crooks, Missouri.  

Three Vermont Sisters: Rhoda Johnson Green

I was recently doing research on William Johnson and Parthenia Burch, for whom I had found a tombstone inscription from Greenwood Cemetery in Vankleek Hill, Ontario, Canada. In the course of researching their children, I came across a 1998 post on a Genforum message board. In spite of the odds, I made contact with the originator of that post and she sent me the picture below.

   Courtesy of Carol Hoefler of Fairbanks, Alaska.
   The original caption read: "Waitefield,Vermont - Spring 1896. From L-R 'Grand Mother Green, Great Aunt Suzanne Carroll, Great Aunt Parthena Dike' ". The caption may have been written by Vaughan Green, son of Warren Green and grandson of Rhoda Johnson Green.

Based on my own research, I knew that this must be Rhoda Johnson Green, Susan Johnson Carroll (my great-great grandmother) and Parthenia Johnson Dike... I have already written a narrative on Parthenia, so now I am turning to Rhoda Green. Based on my discoveries while researching Rhoda, I am suspecting that this was a reunion, rather than a funeral! Rhoda had been living in Oakland, California, and probably just returned to Vermont about 1896.

Rhoda really captured my imagination! She survived the Civil War, the suicide of her husband and the early deaths of 3 of her 4 children. And yet she reinvented her life and became a nurse on the West Coast! 

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Early Life in Canada

      Rhoda S. Johnson was the daughter of William L. Johnson and Parthenia Burch. It appears that William and Parthenia were both born in Vermont, but it seems likely that they married in Canada.   Rhoda was born April 14, 1825, in Hawkesbury, Ontario, Canada, which is just across the Ottawa River from Grenville, Quebec. She appears to have been the 5th of 7 children. Her father, William, died in 1832, at the age of 45, from consumption. Her mother, Parthenia, died in 1835, at the age of 43. So by the time Rhoda was 9 years old, she was an orphan. I am guessing that she lived with an aunt or uncle in the Hawkesbury area, but it is not clear with whom.  
      The oldest 3 children in the family remained in Canada, with Eden Johnson dying in 1839 and Elizabeth Johnson Griffen dying in 1840. (Nathaniel Reeder Johnson married in 1838 in Hawkesbury.) The 4 youngest children (Susan, Rhoda, William and Parthenia) all moved to Chittenden and Washington counties in Vermont and appear to have remained in the United States!

Early Married Life in Vermont

      Rhoda immigrated to the United States in either 1837 or 1838, when she was about 11-13 years of age. I suspect that she lived with a member of the Burch family, her mother's relatives, in the Waitsfield, Vermont, area.
      On November 14, 1845, she married Jacob B. Green, in Richmond, Vermont, in Chittenden County. At the time of their marriage, Rhoda resided in Richmond and Jacob resided in Burlington, Vermont. Jacob Green was born about 1821 in Vermont, the son of Iddo and Fanny Green. It appears that the Green family was fairly prominent in the community of Richmond. At the time of their marriage, a Salmon Green was the town clerk in Richmond. Rhoda's sister Susan Johnson, was also living in Chittenden County at this time.
      According to a document listing craft persons of the time, Jacob Green worked in Burlington, Vermont, from 1845-1852, as a cabinet/furniture maker and a builder of 'ready make coffins'. In 1850, he purchased D. K. Pangborn's undertaker business. On the 1850 census, Jacob is listed as a cabinet maker with real estate valued at $300. He is living with his wife Rhoda and daughter Mary E. Green, who was born about 1848 in Vermont, most likely in Burlington. In addition, a 15-year old Joseph, born in Ireland, is living in the household as an apprentice to a cabinetmaker, presumably Jacob! The fifth person in the household is E. C. Powell, 28 years old, born in Vermont, working as a mason, with real estate worth $1500! 
      In about 1852, their second child, Warren P., is born in Vermont, most likely in Burlington. In March 1854, their third child, Willie A. Green was born, but he died just 2 years later, on December 27, 1856, in Burlington.   
      In the 1860 census, Jacob is working as a gardener, with real estate worth $1000 and personal estate worth $300. George W. Briggs, a 21-year old mulatto born in Vermont, is living with Jacob and is listed as a laborer! Other members of the household are Jacob's wife Rhoda, his daughter Mary, and his son Warren. Both Mary and Warren, aged 12 and 8 respectively, are attending school. Edmond Powell, master mason, lives next door to Jacob, whereas in 1850, the Green family appeared to be sharing a household with Edmond.
      
Civil War

      According to a September 13, 1862, article in the Vermont Journal, Jacob Green transformed his machinery for grinding horse-radish, into a lint picker. Lint was typically created by scraping linen, resulting in a soft material that was used to pack wounds during the Civil War prior to bandaging the wound. According to the article, use of his machine resulted in a higher quality product and 60 times the productivity. Jacob agreed to grind all the linen supplied by the ladies of Burlington, who first made it into rolls ready for the machinery.
      In May, 1863, Jacob Green, age 42, resident of Burlington, working as an undertaker, registered for the Civil War as a person subject to do military duty. At this time, I have not found any record of his actually having enlisted.
      From 1865 to 1869, he worked as an undertaker at College Street and Catlin's/Markham Lane in Burlington, Vermont. The Burlington City Directory referenced an advertisement, but I was not able to locate it! During this time, he and his family resided at Union Street, between Adams and Spruce streets.

Family Tragedies

      On July 27, 1869, Jacob Green died in Burlington, Vermont. According to the 1870 mortality schedule, the cause of death was 'suicide by drowning'. According to the Jackson Citizen newspaper (August 10, 1869, page 2), "Jacob Green, a middle-aged undertaker of Burlington, Vt., drowned himself Thursday morning in Lake Champlain. His father died in an insane asylum, and he himself has been gradually growing mad from the very anticipation of that fate." Using Google, I was able to locate a Patient List from the State Mentally Ill Hospital in Brattleboro, Vermont! Iddo Green resided there from about April 1848 to June 1851 and died while he was a resident there. Iddo's family resided in Richmond, and later in Williston.... Evidently, the suicide was sensational news and reports appeared in several regional papers. According to the Boston Journal (July 29, 1869, page 4), "Jacob Green, well known as an undertaker in Burlington, Vermont, drowned himself in a fit of temporary insanity on Tuesday. Mr. Green had been out of health for some time past, and much depressed in mind on account of the state of his health and anticipations of trouble in his business affairs."

      Meanwhile, in January 1868, Minnie H. Green, their fourth child, was born in Burlington. She died about 3 years later, on December 18, 1870, from croup. (The tombstone states that she died December 10, but the copied vital record states that she died December 18.) 

      In 1870, Rhoda was still residing in Burlington. Her occupation is keeping house, real estate is valued at $4000 and personal estate is valued at $500. Other residents of the home are daughter Mary E. (22), son Warren P. (18) and Mary [aka Minnie] (2). None of the 3 children are attending school. Also boarding in the home is David Hubbell, 67 years, laborer, born in Vermont. In addition, there is Emma Hubbell, 24 years, also born in Vermont.  It is not clear how Rhoda is supporting herself. She probably has some income from the boarders and it is possible that Warren is working. It is also possible that she still owns Jacob's undertaker business.
      In 1870, Warren P. Green of Burlington is listed as a student in the Seminary program at the Vermont Conference Seminary and Female College in Montpelier, Vermont. At the same time, his cousin and my great-grandfather, George E. Carroll of Waitsfield, is listed as a student in the same program! The college just opened in its Montpelier location in 1868. The college was affiliated with the Methodist Episcopal church, but was open to everyone. At that time, the seminary course appeared to provide a sped-up liberal arts education, involving 3 years, 4 terms each year. I am assuming that Warren and George boarded in Montpelier while students there, but do not know for sure.   
      In the 1871 City Directory for Burlington, we learn that Rhoda is residing at 27 Union Street, which is probably where they have resided since at least 1865. Warren is employed by H H Drew, who is a grocer in the City Hall building. I am not sure if Warren abandoned his education or was taking a break to earn money. There is no 1872 City Directory for Burlington and Rhoda and Warren do not appear in the directories for 1873 - 1879, so I am guessing that both Rhoda and Warren moved to Iowa in about 1872.  
      On May 13, 1874, Mary, Rhoda's eldest child, died. It appears that she died in Philadelphia, although I am not sure what took her there. Did she want to escape from Burlington after her father's death? Did she go to live with a relative? Did she have a child out of wedlock? It seems quite likely that she never married. Both the death record and her tombstone name her as Mary Green. 

Life in Iowa

      In the 1880 census, Warren Green was residing in Eureka Township, Sac County, Iowa. He is working as a farmer and is living with his wife Bertha M. (24), son Vaughn O. (3), son Lisle C. (1) and son Lester R. Green (b. Feb 1880). In addition, there are 2 laborers living in the household. First is Jacob Weeyer, 25, a farm laborer, seemingly widowed. Second is Alice Sellers, 23, laborer, single. Both Jacob and Alice were born in Canada... Bertha's maiden name is Ogden, giving Vaughn his middle name. Bertha was born in Pennsylvania, but her parents have lived in Iowa for some time. All 3 of the sons were born in Iowa, so Warren probably married Bertha in Iowa in about 1876.
      In the 1885 Iowa census, Warren is farming in the same township, but is now widowed! He is living with sons Vaughan (7), Lisle (6), Lester K (4) and Robert W (3). In addition, 3 other persons are listed in the household. Lucy H. Mogle is 20, single and working as a housekeeper. If Warren is a widow, Lucy is probably needed to care for the house and children! The other 2 persons are Lewis M. Elfka (23 and single) and John H. Caster (24 and widowed), both laborers... There is one other person, conspicuous by her absence. Ethel Green was born in December, 1883, which we only learn about from the 1900 census, when she is living with Rhoda and listed as granddaughter! Possibly, Bertha died giving birth to Ethel. In any case, Warren was probably not able to take care of an infant, so I am guessing that Ethel was living with her maternal grandparents in 1885.  
      Since I cannot find Rhoda between 1872 and 1879, I am suspecting that she may have spent part of this time in Iowa, but have no proof.

Starting a new life in California!

      In the 1880 census, a Rhoda Green is living in Oakland, California! She is listed as 55 years old, single, born in Vermont and working as a nurse. The name and age are right, but it raised questions! Although Rhoda was born in Canada, a roommate could easily think that she was born in Vermont, since she had come from Vermont. Although, Rhoda is widowed, her husband and 3 of her 4 children are deceased, so she is living as a single woman. Furthermore, Rhoda was nowhere to be found in Vermont in 1880. As I dug a bit more, I realized that all 4 of her grandsons lived in Oakland at different times, so that convinced me, that this was indeed our Rhoda!... I am not sure how she came to be a nurse! Based on reading, not all nurses at that time were certified. She could certainly, however, have gained experience by nursing her own dying children, living through the Civil War, or possibly even through her husband's undertaker business... In 1880, a George Bloom is living at the same address (977 Washington Street). He is 18 years old, single, born in California and works as a gun smith. Since he is born in California, I am suspecting that he is not a relative or prior acquaintance of Rhoda.
      At this time, I have no idea what brought her to Oakland, California! I suspect that she had a relative or friend here that helped prompt the move. It is curious because once again, she is living on the east coast of a large body of water. Although, Oakland must have felt downright balmy after her years in Canada and Vermont!
      It appears that she worked as a nurse in Oakland from 1880 to either 1896 or 1897. This is confirmed by the Oakland city directories for that time period. In 1881, she resided at 1116 Washington. In 1884, she resided at 318 Fourteenth. From 1888-1895, she resided at 1559 Broadway. Sometimes, she is listed as a nurse, sometimes as a professional nurse. I believe 'professional nurse' may have indicated that she worked for doctors directly, rather than at a hospital. It does appear that there were several doctor offices on Broadway. At times, she appeared to be boarding with other nurses. In 1892, Mrs. Mary A. Pulver also lived at 1559 Broadway. In 1894, both Mrs. Mary A. Pulver and Miss Dora Clark resided at 1559 Broadway. It appears that a Miss Cora [sic] Clark died in May, 1895, but Mrs. Pulver still lived with Rhoda in 1895. In 1895, Rhoda is not explicitly listed as a nurse. This could be an omission or it could be that her grandchildren has just come to live with her. If they were not employed or going to college, they would not be listed in a city directory. 
      I am not sure if an 1896 city directory even exists for Oakland, but Rhoda does appear in the 1897 Oakland City Directory and still lived with Mrs. Pulver at 1559 Broadway. In addition, 2 of her grandsons are listed at the same address! Lester Green is listed as a student at Aydellotte's Business College. Vaughan O. Green is listed as a bookkeeper. I suspect that the other children are living with Rhoda. Robert would only be 15 and Ethel would be about 14. On the other hand, Lisle would be 18 or 19, so where is he? He could certainly be living with Rhoda as well. I have also wondered if he was living with Leslie A. Green, a photographer residing at 677 21st. I know that Lisle himself later became a photographer.
      In 1900, all 4 of Rhoda's grandsons are living at 1559 Broadway! Lisle is a clerk at Dames & Co. Lester is employed by P H Blake Jr & Co. Robert is working as a clerk. No occupation is given for Vaughan. According to the Find A Grave bio, however, Vaughan was in Nome, Alaska, by June 1900, in pursuit of gold. (Leslie A. Green has moved to San Francisco, so clearly he is not the same person as Lisle.)

Coming home to Vermont

      It is not clear to me when Rhoda returned to Vermont, but it appears that Rhoda returned in 1896 or 1897. I would guess that she returned in 1896 based on the picture above being taken in spring 1896 in Waitsfield, Vermont! On the other hand, she appears in the 1897 Oakland directory. However, I am not sure when the information was actually collected for a given city directory. On the other hand, I do not find Rhoda in the Burlington city directories from 1895-1899, so I am not sure where she is!
      In the 1900 census, Rhoda is once again living in Burlington, Vermont, but she is now living at 49 Church Street. There appear to be multiple families at that address, so it may be some kind of boarding house. Rhoda Green is 75 years old and widowed and is renting. It appears that the census taker recorded that she had had 4 children and then changed it to 5, but 0 children are listed as still living. In addition, Ethel L. Green, granddaughter, 16 years old, born in Iowa, is living with Rhoda. Based on the birthplace of her parents, she must be the daughter of Warren Green and Bertha Ogden. Ethel is a student and attended school for 8 months during the year... I am not sure what to make of the Number of Children information, but believe she just had 4 children. Warren is deceased, but at this time I have not found a death record for him. It makes sense that he is deceased, though, since her grandsons are living with her in Oakland, but Warren is not living there. 
      On the other hand, I do not find Rhoda in the Burlington city directories from 1901-1903! It could just be that she had dropped off the radar. I have also wondered if she was taking care of her sister, Susan (Johnson) Carroll, who died  January 14, 1904, in Warren, Vermont.
      Rhoda does appear in the Burlington City Directories from 1904-1907, listed as the widow of Jacob B. Green. She is still residing at 49 Church, so perhaps she was living there all along! There is a Miss E. Loraine Green listed, who is a nurse at Mary Fletcher Hospital. But this is probably the same as the Miss Elizabeth L. Green, who is living with Mrs. George Green. At first, though, it was tempting to think that this was Ethel, inspired to be a nurse by her grandmother!

Living with Parthenia

      In 1910, Rhoda Green is living with her sister, Parthenia Dike, in Stockholm, New York. The census states that they live on the Potsdam to Lawrence Road. Parthenia is listed as 79 years old, widowed and possessing her own income. Rhoda Green, listed as her sister, is 85 years old, widowed, with 4 children, 0 still living. She has no income. Since I cannot find Rhoda Green in the Burlington City Directories from 1908 - 1913, I am assuming that Rhoda came to live with Parthenia in 1907 or 1908 and stayed until Rhoda died in 1913. I think the triggering event was the death of Parthenia's husband, Alonzo Dike, in 1907.
      Rhoda Green died on March 22, 1913, most likely in Stockholm, New York. She is buried in Lakeview Cemetery in Burlington and shares a tombstone with her husband Jacob and her children, Mary, Willie and Minnie. It is a single spire tombstone. Jacob and Rhoda are listed on one face. Mary is listed on one face. Willie and Minnie are listed on a third face. It is possible that the fourth face would identify who erected the stone, although I strongly suspect that Rhoda did!

Pictures from a Family Album

      I have an old family album that must have initially belonged to George B. and Susan (Johnson) Carroll. Several of the pictures are captioned in black. Based on the relationships specified, I believe the captions were written by Charles Eden Carroll, a grandson of George and Susan. None of the pictures are dated, however. The Green family makes up a fair portion of the captioned pictures. I am guessing that the Greens either visited the Carrolls fairly often or that the family was well known to those later looking at the album. 
      After viewing the backs of several of the photos, it dawned on me that all of the pictures of the Greens were taken in Burlington, Vermont. Three different galleries were involved. The City Photograph Gallery was at the NW corner of Church and Bank streets. The Vermont Gallery of Art was at 150 Church Street. L. A. Atwood was on Church Street. 
      There are 6 captioned pictures of the Green family, 4 from City Photograph Gallery, 1 from Vermont Gallery of  Art and 1 from L. A. Atwood. In addition, there is an uncaptioned picture from City Photograph Gallery. I am now convinced that this is Jacob Green! I suspected it was Jacob based on physical similarities to his son Warren. All of the other Burlington photos are of the Green family. 
      1. The 5 photos from City Photograph Gallery appear to be Minnie, Warren, May [Mary], Jacob and Rhoda. These photos appear to have been taken at 2 different times based on slightly different labels for the gallery. Even though the picture on page 28 is labeled 'Minnie (Rhoda's)', I wonder if in fact this was not Willie. The clothing resembles that worn by young males in older pictures, rather than that worn by females. If this is Willie, the picture must have been taken in 1856 since he died in 1856. The pictures of Warren, May, Rhoda and Jacob appear to have been taken about 1866 - 1869.   
      2. The photo taken at Vermont Gallery of Art is Minnie. Since Minnie was born in 1868 and died in December 1870 just before her third birthday, the pictures of Minnie were probably taken in late 1869 or in 1870.  
      3. The photo taken at L. A. Atwood is an older Rhoda. She appears to be wearing a dress similar to the one that she is wearing in the picture above of the 3 sisters! I believe it was taken about 1872-1879.
           
Tombstone for her Canadian family

Greenwood Cemetery, Inscriptions - See Plot 29

      On Plot 29, in the Greenwood Cemetery in Vankleek Hill, there must be a spire tombstone. Eight persons are listed on this stone. On the west and south faces, William Johnson, Parthena Johnson, Eden Johnson and Elizabeth Johnson Griffen are listed. William and Parthena are Rhoda's parents, Eden is her brother and Elizabeth is her sister. Some Ancestry trees have recorded Elizabeth as her aunt, but based on her date of birth, it seems more likely to me that she was a sister. (By a genealogical twist, Eden Johnson was the first husband of my great-great grandmother, Samantha Munson, even though he is NOT my great-great grandfather.
      On the east and north faces, E[den] A[bbott] Johnson, Hannah Johnson, Abigail Wait and Melissa Johnson are listed. Eden Abbott is William's brother and Rhoda's uncle. Hannah and Abigail are E. A. Johnson's wives and Melissa is his daughter.
      What caught my attention is that this stone was erected by C. Abbott Johnson and Mrs. Rhoda Green! C. Abbott Johnson must be a son of E. A. Johnson. I do not know when the stone was erected. Likewise, I don't know if Rhoda was physically present when the stone was erected or if she sent money. I suspect that the stone was erected between her "lost years" of 1872-1879, after the death of her husband and many of her children.

Items to Include later

1. 7 photos from family album.
2. 1869 death record for Jacob.
3. 1870 census, Burlington.
4. 1871 Burlington city directory.
5. 1880 census, Oakland.
6. 1897 Oakland city directory.
7. 1900 census, Burlington.

Source Citations, Census and City Directories (date order)


1. 1850 U.S. census, Chittenden, Vermont, population schedule, Burlington, p. 320B, dwelling 612, family 793, Jacob Green household; NARA microfilm publication M432, roll 923.

2. 1860 U.S. census, Chittenden, Vermont, population schedule, Burlington, p. 50, 68 (hand-written), dwelling 359, family 359, Jacob Green household; digital images, Ancestry (Ancestry.com : accessed 12 Oct 2014); citing National Archives and Records Administration microfilm M653, roll 1319.
Hiram S. Hart, Burlington City Directory and Business Advertiser, 1865 , p. 42 (image 28); digital images, Ancestry www.Ancestry.com : accessed 18 Oct 2014.

3. Hiram S. Hart, Burlington City Directory and Business Advertiser, July 1866 to July 1867 , p. 39, image 41; digital images, Ancestry www.Ancestry.com : accessed 18 Oct 2014.

4. The Free Press Association, Burlington, Vermont, City Directory, 1869 page 42 (image 40); digital images, Ancestry www.Ancestry.com : accessed 15 Oct 2014.

5. 1870 U.S. census, Chittenden, Vermont, population schedule, Burlington, p. 445A, dwelling 1920, family 2120, Rhoda Green household; digital images, Ancestry (www.Ancestry.com : accessed 16 Oct 2014); citing National Archives and Records Administration microfilm M593, roll 1617.

6. 1870 U.S. census, Chittenden, Vermont, population schedule, Burlington, p. 4, 59 (handwritten), dwelling line 31, Jacob Green; digital images, Ancestry (www.Ancestry.com : accessed 14 Oct 2014); citing National Archives and Records Administration microfilm M593, roll mortality schedule.

7. Hiram S. Hart, Burlington City Directory and Business Advertiser from July 1871 to July 1872 ; digital images, Ancestry www.Ancestry.com.

8. 1880 U.S. census, Alameda, California, population schedule, Oakland, enumeration district (ED) 012, p. 232C (stamped), image 31, dwelling 259, family 338, Rhoda Green; digital images, Ancestry (www.Ancestry.com : accessed 24 Oct 2014); citing National Archives and Records Administration
microfilm T9, roll 62.

9. 1880 U.S. census, Sac, Iowa, population schedule, Eureka, enumeration district (ED) 185, p. 156B (stamped), dwelling 117, family 120, Warren P. Green household; digital images, Ancestry (www.Ancestry.com : accessed 17 Oct 2014); citing National Archives and Records Administration microfilm T9, roll 362.

10. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., Bishop's Oakland Directory for 1881 - 1882 p. 233 (image 126); digital images, Ancestry www.Ancestry.com : accessed 21 Oct 2014.

11. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., Oakland Alameda and Berkeley City Directory 1884 p. 255 (image 135); digital images, Ancestry www.Ancestry.com : accessed 21 Oct 2014.

12. 1885 state census, Sac, Iowa, population schedule, Eureka township, p. 289-290 (stamped), dwelling 104, family 106, line 30, Warren P. Green; digital images, Ancestry.com Operations Inc., Ancestry (www.Ancestry.com : accessed 17 Oct 2014); citing Microfilm of Iowa State Censuses.

13. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., Oakland Alameda and Berkeley City Directory 1888 p. 359 (image 168); digital images, Ancestry www.Ancestry.com : accessed 21 Oct 2014.

14. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., Oakland Alameda and Berkeley City Directory 1889-1890 p. 369 (image 199); digital images, Ancestry www.Ancestry.com : accessed 21 Oct 2014.

15. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., Oakland Alameda and Berkeley City Directory 1891 p. 377 (image 173); digital images, Ancestry www.Ancestry.com : accessed 21 Oct 2014.

16. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., Husted's Oakland Alameda and Berkeley City Directory 1892-3 p. 246, 954-5 (images 128, 484); digital images, Ancestry www.Ancestry.com : accessed 22 Oct 2014.

17. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., Husted's Oakland Alameda and Berkeley City Directory 1894 p. 897 (image 464); digital images, Ancestry www.Ancestry.com : accessed 22 Oct 2014.

18. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., Oakland Alameda and Berkeley City Directory 1895 p. 207 (image 452); digital images, Ancestry www.Ancestry.com :accessed 22 Oct 2014.

19. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., Husted's Oakland Alameda and Berkeley City Directory 1897 p. 229 (image 131); digital images, Ancestry www.Ancestry.com.

20. 1900 U.S. census, Chittenden, Vermont, population schedule, Burlington, enumeration district (ED) 0070, sheet 1A, p. 146A (stamped), dwelling 7, family 13, household of Rhoda Green; digital images, Ancestry (www.Ancestry.com : accessed 16 Oct 2014); citing National Archives and Records Administration microfilm T623, roll 1690.

21. L. P. Waite and Co., Publishers, Burlington City and Winooski Directory for 1904 p. 137, image 74; digital images, Ancestry www.Ancestry.com : accessed 18 Oct 2014. 

22. L. P. Waite & Co., Publishers, Burlington, Vermont, City Directory, 1905 ; digital images, Ancestry www.Ancestry.com : accessed 18 Oct 2014.

23. L. P. Waite & Co., Burlington City and Winooski Directory for 1906 p. 139, image 75; digital images, Ancestry www. Ancestry.com : accessed 18 Oct 2014.

24. L. P. Waite & Co., Publishers, Burlington City and Winooski Directory for 1907 p. 144, image 79; digital images, Ancestry www.Ancestry.com : accessed 18 Oct 2014. 

25. 1910 U.S. census, Saint Lawrence, New York, population schedule, Stockholm, enumeration district (ED) 0179, sheet 1A, p. 56 (stamped), dwelling 1, family 1, Household of Partheny Dyke; digital images, Ancestry (www.ancestry.com : accessed 14 Sep 2014); citing National Archives
and Records Administration microfilm T624, roll 1075.

26. 1930 U.S. census, Koyokuk Recording District, Alaska Territory, population schedule, Wiseman Village, enumeration district (ED) 0028, sheet 1A, p. 178 (stamped), dwelling 1, family 1, Household of Vaughan O. Green; digital images, Ancestry (accessed 5 Nov 2014); citing National Archives and
Records Administration microfilm T626, roll 2628.

Source Citations, Other (in order referenced)

27. Personal knowledge of Carol Hoefler, Carol Hoefler is the wife of a g-g-grandson of Rhoda Johnson.

28. Cyrus Thomas, History of the counties of Argenteuil, Que. and Prescott, Ont., from the earliest settlement to the present. (Montreal, Quebec, Canada: John Lovell & Son, 1896), p.222; Internet Archive, Texts, Canadian Libraries, https://archive.org/details/historyprescott00thomuoft
Internet

29. Richmond, Vermont, Vital Records, 1720-1908, Surname Range : Johnson, E - Johnson, S: Image 3276, Green-Johnson, 1845; digital images, Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., Ancestry (www.Ancestry.com : accessed 12 oct 2014).

30. The Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, Inc. Winterthur, Delaware., Delaware, Craftperson Files, 1600-1995, Jacob Green: Image 221; digital images, Ancestry (www.Ancestry.com : accessed 13 Oct 2014).

31. Burlington, Chittenden, Vermont, "Vermont, Vital Records, 1720-1908," Green, M - Grimes, p. image 909, Willie Green; digital image, Ancestry.com Operations, Inc, (www.Ancestry.com: 19 Oct 2014).

32. Vermont Journal, 13 Sep 1862, p. 1, col. 6; digital images(accessed 15 Oct 2014).

33. "U.S., Civil War Draft Registrations Records, 1863-1865," database and images, Ancestry (www.Ancestry.com : accessed 14 Oct 2014), Jacob Green, page 130, image 268; Archive Volume Number 3.

34. Burlington, Chittenden, Vermont, "Vermont, Vital Records, 1720-1908," Jacob Green; digital image, Ancestry.com Operations, Inc, "death records," Ancestry (www.Ancestry.com: 14 Oct 2014).

35. Jackson Citizen, Tuesday, August 10, 1869, p. page 2; digital images.

36. Janice Boyko, "Patient List from State Mentally Ill Hospital (1845-1870)," database, Vermont Northeast Kingdom Genealogy (http://www.nekgvt.com/misc/brattleboro_mentally_ill_hospital.htm : accessed 2 Nov 2014), Iddo Green.

37. Williston, Vermont, Vital Records, 1720-1908, Iddo Green, 1851; digital images, Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., Ancestry (www.Ancestry.com : accessed 04 Nov 2014).

38. "Current Notes (Jacob Green)," Boston Journal, July 29, 1869, p. 4; digital images(accessed 8 Nov 2014).

39. Burlington, Chittenden, Vermont, "Vermont, Vital Records, 1720-1908," Gray, D - Green, M, p. 369, image 4029, Minnie Green; digital image, Ancestry.com Operations, Inc, Ancestry (www.Ancestry.com: 19 Oct 2014).

40. Warren P. Green, 1870, Montpelier, Vermont; Ancestry.com. U.S., School Catalogs, 1765-1935.
; digital images, Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., Ancestry (www.Ancestry.com : accessed 24 Oct 2014).

41. "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Death Certificates Index, 1803-1915," database(www.Ancestry.com : accessed 15 Nov 2014), Entry for Mary Green; citing Philadelphia City Archives. "Death Records."

42. Find A Grave, Inc, Find A Grave, digital images (www.findagrave.com : accessed 14 Oct 2014), Memorial# 33160413; Created by: Barb Destromp; picture of tombstone, Rhoda Johnson.

43. Find A Grave, Inc, Find A Grave, digital images (www.findagrave.com : accessed 14 Oct 2014), Jacob Green: FAG Memorial# 33160409, Created by: Barb Destromp, photograph of tombstone.

44. Find A Grave, Inc, Find A Grave, digital images (www.findagrave.com ), Mary E. Green; FAG Memorial# 33160385; Created by: Barb Destromp; picture of tombstone.

45. Find A Grave, Inc, Find A Grave, digital images (www.findagrave.com : accessed 13 Oct 2014), Willie A. Green; FAG Memorial# 33160402; Created by: Barb Destromp; picture of tombstone.

46. Find A Grave, Inc, Find A Grave, digital images (www.findagrave.com : accessed 14 Oct 2014), Minnie H. Green; FAG Memorial# 33160407;Created by: Barb Destromp; picture of tombstone.

47. Ross G. H. Cotton, Roger A. Belanger, Leslie P. Higginson, "Greenwood Cemetery" (typescript, 1996), p. 14, Plot 29; http://ogsottawa.on.ca/home/research/cemeteries-2/prescott-county-cemeteries-etc/ (Greenwood cemetery inscriptions)